Overview
Anxiety is a normal human response to stress, and it becomes a clinical concern when it is persistent, out of proportion to the situation, and interfering with work, school, relationships, or sleep. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias. They are among the most common mental health conditions in the United States, and they are treatable. Many people with an anxiety disorder also experience depression, and the two are often treated together.
Common signs and symptoms
These are commonly reported experiences. Having some of them does not mean you have this condition, and not having them does not mean you do not.
- Persistent worry that is difficult to control
- Panic attacks, including a racing heart, shortness of breath, or a sense of losing control
- Avoiding situations that trigger fear, including social or work settings
- Difficulty sleeping, or feeling restless and on edge
- Physical symptoms such as muscle tension, headaches, or stomach problems
- Trouble concentrating or feeling that your mind goes blank
When professional evaluation may help
- Anxiety is present most days for several weeks or months
- You are avoiding work, school, relationships, or medical care because of fear
- Panic attacks are occurring, or you are worried about having another one
- You are using alcohol, cannabis, or other substances to manage anxiety
- Anxiety is affecting your sleep, appetite, or ability to function
General treatment approaches
Not every approach is appropriate for every person. Treatment decisions should be individualized and made with a qualified professional.
- Psychotherapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy is well studied for anxiety disorders and focuses on the relationship between thoughts, physical sensations, and avoidance behaviors. Exposure-based work is often part of treatment.
- Medication
- Several classes of medication are used for anxiety, prescribed and monitored by a psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse practitioner, or primary care provider. Medication is an option, not a requirement, and decisions should be individualized.
- Primary care and collaborative care
- Many people begin with a primary care provider, who can screen for anxiety, rule out medical causes, start treatment, and refer to a specialist.
- Skills, lifestyle, and peer support
- Sleep, movement, and substance use all affect anxiety. Support groups and structured skills programs can complement professional care but do not replace it when symptoms are significant.
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