Overview
Depression is a common and serious medical condition that affects how a person feels, thinks, and functions. It is not a character flaw, and it is not something a person can simply decide to stop experiencing. Depression can range from mild to severe, and severity matters: some people benefit from therapy alone, while others need medication, structured programs, or hospital care. Most people who receive appropriate treatment see meaningful improvement, although finding the right combination often takes time.
Common signs and symptoms
These are commonly reported experiences. Having some of them does not mean you have this condition, and not having them does not mean you do not.
- Persistent sadness, emptiness, or irritability
- Losing interest or pleasure in activities that used to matter
- Changes in sleep — sleeping far more or far less than usual
- Changes in appetite or weight
- Fatigue, or feeling slowed down or restless
- Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
When professional evaluation may help
- Symptoms have lasted more than two weeks
- You are unable to function at work, school, or home
- You are withdrawing from people and activities
- You are using alcohol or other substances to cope
- You are having thoughts of death or suicide — seek help immediately
General treatment approaches
Not every approach is appropriate for every person. Treatment decisions should be individualized and made with a qualified professional.
- Psychotherapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and behavioral activation are common evidence-based approaches for depression.
- Medication
- Antidepressant medication is prescribed and monitored by a qualified prescriber. Response takes time, and adjustments are common. Medication is one option among several.
- Primary care evaluation
- Because other medical conditions can cause similar symptoms, a primary care evaluation is often a sensible first step, and many primary care providers treat depression directly.
- Higher levels of care
- When symptoms are severe, an intensive outpatient program, partial hospitalization, or inpatient care may be recommended to stabilize symptoms safely.
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