Overview
Trauma is a response to an experience that overwhelmed a person's ability to cope — this can include violence, accidents, abuse, disaster, combat, discrimination, or the sudden loss of someone close. Many people recover with time and support. When symptoms persist for more than a month and interfere with daily life, post-traumatic stress disorder may be present. Trauma responses are not a sign of weakness, and effective, evidence-based treatments exist.
Common signs and symptoms
These are commonly reported experiences. Having some of them does not mean you have this condition, and not having them does not mean you do not.
- Intrusive memories, flashbacks, or nightmares
- Avoiding places, people, or conversations connected to the event
- Feeling constantly on guard, easily startled, or unable to relax
- Negative beliefs about yourself, others, or the world
- Feeling detached from people and activities
- Sleep problems, irritability, or difficulty concentrating
When professional evaluation may help
- Symptoms have lasted more than a month
- You are avoiding significant parts of your life
- Sleep and concentration are persistently affected
- You are using substances to manage memories or feelings
- You are thinking about harming yourself — seek help immediately
General treatment approaches
Not every approach is appropriate for every person. Treatment decisions should be individualized and made with a qualified professional.
- Trauma-focused psychotherapy
- Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive processing therapy, and EMDR are evidence-based approaches. Ask a provider what training they have in trauma treatment.
- Medication
- Certain medications can reduce symptoms such as nightmares, anxiety, and depression. Medication is prescribed and monitored by a qualified prescriber.
- Primary care and coordinated care
- A primary care provider can screen for trauma-related symptoms, address sleep and health concerns, and coordinate referrals.
- Peer and community support
- Veteran service organizations, survivor programs, and peer groups can reduce isolation, which is often a significant part of trauma recovery.
Related articles
Finding Care
When to Seek Mental Health Help: Signs You Shouldn't Ignore
How to tell when persistent symptoms may deserve professional attention, and how to tell when you need urgent help.
Read the full articleSupport
Free Mental Health Support Groups: How to Find Help and Community
Peer-led and facilitated support groups, how to evaluate whether a group fits, privacy considerations, and where to find groups near you.
Read the full articleFinding Care
How to Find Mental Health Treatment Near You: A Step-by-Step Guide
A practical walkthrough of how to search for care, what to ask providers, and what to do when the first option does not work out.
Read the full article